Articles

Blast furnace coke remains an indispensable component of pig iron production, performing fuel, reducing and technological functions simultaneously. The article covers GOST 5.1261-2023 requirements for KD grade, key quality parameters (M25 and M10 strength, abrasion, porosity, CSR and CRI), coking technology and new coke oven batteries, production structure (26-28 million tonnes per year, over 85% concentrated among four holdings), export geography (China, India, Turkey, Middle East, North Africa), logistics and regulatory challenges, including CBAM and anti-dumping restrictions.

Naphtha remains a key feedstock for petrochemicals and high-octane gasoline production, and Russia is one of the largest exporters of this product. The article covers naphtha classification, quality standards and fractional composition, estimated output, export geography, volume dynamics, excise and export duty, and logistics schemes - Baltic and Black Sea ports, re-export via Karimun.

Jet fuel remains a strategic product of Russian refining, supporting civil and military aviation. The article covers GOST 10227-2013 requirements for TS-1, T-1, T-2 and RT grades, TR CU 013/2011 environmental norms, production structure (11.4 million tonnes in 2025, led by the Volga Federal District), export geography (Turkey, Central Asia, Afghanistan), rail and marine logistics, and the consequences of the 2026 export ban and forced imports of Jet A-1 from South Korea and Egypt.

Fuel oil remains an important product of Russian refining despite the transformation of the energy balance. The article covers GOST 10585-2013 requirements for M40 and M100 grades, key quality parameters (viscosity, ash, sulphur, pour point), production structure (led by the Volga Federal District), price and volume dynamics, export geography (Singapore, Saudi Arabia, China, India, Turkey), and logistics schemes - transshipment in Baltic ports, Karimun, ship-to-ship transfers and the shadow fleet.

Russia remains one of the world's largest diesel producers and exporters. The article covers GOST 305-2013 requirements for grades L, Z, A, E and inter-seasonal fuel, environmental classes under TR CU 013/2011, output structure (summer - 60.9 million tonnes, winter - 14.1 million tonnes, Arctic - 2.8 million tonnes), export dynamics (988 thousand barrels per day), key destinations (Turkey, North Africa, Brazil, Singapore) and logistics schemes, including ship-to-ship transfers and the shadow fleet.

Russia remains one of the world's largest crude oil producers and exporters, producing about 512 million tonnes per year. The article covers GOST R 51858-2002 requirements, characteristics of the main export grades, output structure, the shift of supplies from Europe to China and India, the role of pipeline systems and marine terminals, and the challenges posed by sanctions pressure and the shadow fleet.

Russia remains one of the world's largest LPG producers and exporters. The article covers fuel LPG grades under GOST 34858-2022 (PA, PBA, PT, PBT, BT), key producers (SIBUR and Gazprom), domestic consumption structure, the shift of exports from Europe to Asia (Turkey, China, Central Asia, Afghanistan), volume and price dynamics, and logistics constraints - tank car shortages, border crossing capacity and the lack of marine terminals in the Far East.

Russia is among the world's top four LNG exporters, holding about 7-10% of the global market. The article covers quality standards (GOST 34894-2022, GOST 56021-2014), LNG grades, physico-chemical properties, liquefaction technologies (Arctic Cascade, Arctic Mix), operating projects (Yamal LNG at 17.4 million tonnes, Sakhalin-2 at 9.6 million tonnes, Arctic LNG 2 at 19.8 million tonnes), mid-scale plants in the Baltic, output volumes (32.9 million tonnes in 2025) and the export structure to Europe and Asia.

Thermal coal remains the backbone of Russia's fuel and energy balance and a key export commodity. The article covers grade classification and quality standards (GOST R 51586-2000, GOST 32352-2013, GOST R 57021-2016), beneficiation technologies (heavy-media separators, flotation, XRT separation), output volumes (278.7 million tonnes of thermal coal in 2025) and export structure (164.2 million tonnes, including 93.1 million tonnes to China and 25.2 million tonnes to India).

Coking coal remains a strategic raw material for metallurgy and coke chemistry. The article covers grade classification, key quality standards, beneficiation technologies (heavy-media cyclones, flotation, XRT separation), output volumes (101 million tonnes in 2025), export structure (38.4 million tonnes, including 22 million tonnes to China and 7.8 million tonnes to India) and industry prospects.